Tina Frederick, are 9, of Scarborough, Me., for her question:

WHO WROTE THE PLEDGE TO OUR FLAG?

Pledge to the Flag of the United States was written by James B. Upham and Francis Bellamy, two men who were on the staff of Youth's Companion, a magazine published in Boston for young people. The year was 1892.

In 1954 the reference to "under God" was added to the Pledge. It now reads, as almost all Americans know, as follows: I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.